Horizontal collaboration refers to a relationship that is _____ and/or _____.

A) 3PLs to 3PLs; service provider to service provider
B) buyer to buyer; seller to seller
C) flat across the chain; involving partners equal in size
D) collaboration with horizontal; vertical competitors

Horizontal Collaboration

A strategic partnership between firms at the same level in the supply chain, aimed at improving efficiency or gaining market advantage.

3PLs to 3PLs

The interaction or service exchange between third-party logistics providers, often to leverage each other's resources or networks.

Buyer to Buyer

A transaction or interaction that occurs directly between buyers, typically in a marketplace setting without intermediary sellers.